7 Tips For Learning English

Many people think you need to live in a foreign country, have a close foreign friend, or spend long nights with your head buried in a boring grammar book, to master English…In fact, you can become a very successful learner of English if you follow some basic rules.

1. Relax and enjoy speaking
When you use English, don’t worry about making mistakes. The chances are you will always make small mistakes when speaking a foreign language. The important thing is to learn from the errors you make. Babies don’t learn to walk without falling over a lot!

2. Learn about how you learn
Recent research has shown that many of us have a preferred way of learning. If you are a visual learner, you can link language to pictures and images. Watch films with subtitles, try to visualise yourself in imaginary situations speaking English, fix words with pictures in your mind  If you have an auditory style, you have a ‘good ear’ for language and should listen to as much music as possible and watch movies in English. If you have an analytic style, then spend time studying grammar and comparing Vietnamese with English. A learner with an interactive style needs to spend as much time as possible speaking with others, discussing language and generally working in a team. A really good learner spends time on all these styles. Yet it is a sad fact that all over the world, many people are still taught in a traditional style that favours analytic and auditory learners

3. Learn memory techniques
There are plenty of books on how to improve your memory. It is a skill that the successful learners I know take very seriously.

4. Immerse yourself
I once visited the home of a Spanish student who was actually quite a successful businessman. His house was littered with those small pieces of yellow paper called post-it notes! Every time he went to the kitchen to make a cup of coffee, to the bathroom to shave or used the remote control to change channel, he looked at those words. Again and again and again. Once the word was fixed in his mind, he put the paper into a file that he looked through at the end of the week. This way, he learnt 10 words a day, seven days a week. Read, listen and speak English at every opportunity! The best musicians and football players practise their skill over and over. The skill of communicating in a foreign language is the same.

5. Get Connected
I recently met someone who three times a week leaves her small village outside Hanoi, travels 1 hour on a motorbike and when she arrives at her destination, speaks in English for two hours to her friends in Britain, Australia and the US.  Her destination?  An Internet Café with voice chat facilities in the nearest small town. When I met her, she had never spoken to a foreigner face to face before, but after only two months of practising, she could hold a conversation with me in English.
The Internet has brought so many benefits to language learners. You can find great sites for practising grammar, vocabulary, listening, pronunciation and now, most importantly of all, speaking.

6. Learn Vocabulary systematically
Remember that learning English is not just about learning grammar. When we speak, we express most of our ideas through our choice of vocabulary, through collocations and fixed expressions. Think carefully about how you organise your notebook, don’t just write a long list of new words! Try to divide your notebook into sections.

Here are some ideas…
subject pages; shopping, holidays, money verbs and nouns that go together; do your homework; make a cake expressions which use common words; overweight, to get over something, over the moon phrasal verbs; to grow up, to tell off, to look after fixed expressions; on the other hand, in my opinion, by the way idioms; once in a blue moon, to be over the moon, out of the blue expressions with prepositions; at night, at the weekend, in March, in 1988

And Finally….
7. Get motivated: don’t put off until tomorrow, what you can do today.
In London, I had a Thai friend who was attending university there, studying fashion design. Her English was excellent. She told me that when she was fifteen she decided that it was her dream to study fashion in the UK. She found out what IELTS score she needed and started studying right away. When she was nineteen and old enough to go, she was ready. Her early start was a smart move: when she returned to Thailand after a year, some of her friends were still studying English, waiting to go abroad to study. She is now fluent, well qualified and walked into a great job!

Source : http://www.britishcouncil.org/vietnam-for-newsletter-7-tips-for-english-learner.htm

Shendie Yarry
4EA15
Ekonomi Manajemen

The Noun Phrase

The Noun Phrase

Nouns

Nouns are naming words. Everything we can see or talk about is represented by a word which names it - that naming word is called a noun.

Sometimes a noun will be the name for something we can touch (e.g., lion, cake, computer), and sometimes a noun will be the name for something we cannot touch (e.g., bravery, mile, joy). Everything is represented by a word that lets us talk about it. That includes people (e.g., man, scientist), animals (e.g., dog, lizard), places (e.g., town, street), objects (e.g., vase, pencil), substances (e.g., copper, glass), qualities (e.g., heroism, sorrow), actions (e.g., swimming, dancing), and measures (e.g., inch, ounce)

Common Nouns

A common noun is the word used for a class of person, place or thing.

Examples:

• Car
  
• Man
  
• Bridge
  

Common nouns are further classified into:

• Abstract nouns – things you cannot see or touch (e.g., bravery, joy)
  
• Collective nouns – words to describe groups (e.g., team, choir)
  
• Compound nouns – nouns made up of more than one word (e.g., court-martial, pickpocket, water bottle)
  

Proper Nouns

A proper noun is the name of a person, place or thing (i.e., its own name). A proper noun always starts with a capital letter.

Collective Nouns

A collective noun is the word used for a group of people or things.

Examples:

• Choir
  
• Team
  
• Jury
  

The big question with collective nouns is whether they should be treated as singular or plural. The answer is: They can be treated as singular or plural depending on the sense of your sentence. This is covered in more depth in the lesson Collective Nouns – Singular or Plural? and in the Beware section on the right of this page.

Pronouns

A pronoun is a word used to replace a noun.

Pronouns are one of the eight parts of speech which are: adjectives, adverbs
conjunctions, interjections, nouns, prepositions, pronouns and verbs.

Verbal Nouns

Verbal nouns (also called gerunds) are formed from verbs. They end -ing. They are a type of common noun.

• I love swimming. (swimming – the name of an activity; it is formed from the verb to swim.)
  
• Lateral thinking is required to solve this problem. (thinking – the name of an activity; it is formed from the verb to think.)
  

Compound Nouns

Compound nouns are nouns made up of two or more words. Some compound nouns are hyphenated. Some are not, and some combine their words to form a single word. (This is covered in the lesson Hyphens in Compound Nouns.)

Examples:

• Mother-in-law
  
• Board of members
  
• Court-martial
  

Article + Noun
a. Indifinite Article + Noun
For Example : a girl an apple a university
b. Difinite Article + Noun
For Example : the house the book the boys the pens

Countable and Uncountable Nouns

The major division of English nouns is into "countable" and "uncountable".

Countable Nouns

Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: "pen". We can count pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens. Here are some more countable nouns:

• dog, cat, animal, man, person
  
• bottle, box, litre
  
• coin, note, dollar
  
• cup, plate, fork
  
• table, chair, suitcase, bag
  

Countable nouns can be singular or plural:

• My dog is playing.
  
• My dogs are hungry.
  

We can use the indefinite article a/an with countable nouns:

• A dog is an animal.
  

When a countable noun is singular, we must use a word like a/the/my/this with it:

• I want an orange. (not I want orange.)
  
• Where is my bottle? (not Where is bottle?)
  

We can use some and any with countable nouns:

• I've got some dollars.
  
• Have you got any pens?
  

We can use a few and many with countable nouns:

• I've got a few dollars.
  
• I haven't got many pens.
  

"People" is countable. "People" is the plural of "person". We can count people:

• There is one person here.
  
• There are three people here.
  

Uncountable Nouns

Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot "count" them. For example, we cannot count "milk". We can count "bottles of milk" or "litres of milk", but we cannot count "milk" itself. Here are some more uncountable nouns:

• music, art, love, happiness
  
• advice, information, news
  
• furniture, luggage
  
• rice, sugar, butter, water
  
• electricity, gas, power
  
• money, currency
  

We usually treat uncountable nouns as singular. We use a singular verb. For example:

• This news is very important.
  
• Your luggage looks heavy.
  

We do not usually use the indefinite article a/an with uncountable nouns. We cannot say "an information" or "a music". But we can say a something of:

• a piece of news
  
• a bottle of water
  
• a grain of rice
  

We can use a little and much with uncountable nouns:

• I've got a little money.
  
• I haven't got much rice.
  

Uncountable nouns are also called "mass nouns"



Another Examples for Countable and Uncountable Noun :

• Don't forget to buy a bag of rice when you go shopping.
  
• Can I have one cup of coffee and two cups of tea.
  
• The police found some items of clothing scattered around the floor.
  
• I need a truck that will take at least three pieces of furniture.
  
• You'd think a tablespoon of honey would be more than enough.
  

Sumber :

- http://www.grammar-monster.com/lessons/nouns_different_types.htm

- http://www.really-learn-english.com/english-noun-phrases.html

- http://www.wordsmile.com/noun-phrase-introduction

- http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/nouns-un-countable_2.html

- http://dindarifiyani.blogspot.com/2012/11/about-noun-phrase.html

Shendie Yarry

4EA15

Ekonomi Manajemen

Passive Voice

Use of Passive

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.

Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

Form of Passive

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped) 

Examples of Passive

Tense		Subject	Verb	Object
Present Progressive	Active:	Lina	is writing	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	is being written	by Lina.
Past Progressive	Active:	Lina	was writing	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	was being written	by Lina.
Past Perfect	Active:	Lina	had written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	had been written	by Lina.
Future II	Active:	Lina	will have written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	will have been written	by Lina.
Conditional I	Active:	Lina	would write	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	would be written	by Lina.
Conditional II	Active:	Lina	would have written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	would have been written	by Lina.

Passive Sentences with Two Objects 

Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.

	Subject	Verb	Object 1	Object 2
Active:	Lina	wrote	a letter	to me.
Passive:	A letter	was written	to me	by Lina.
Passive:	I	was written	a letter	by Lina.

.

As you can see in the examples, adding by Lina does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is usually dropped.

source : http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive

Conditional Sentence

Nama : Shendie Yarry

Kelas  : 4EA15

NPM   : 16209753 

 

Conditional Sentence

Conditional sentence is a complex sentence which consist unreal subordinate clause or hypothetical subordinate clause and main clause for the result / consequence.

The conditional sentences are sometimes confusing for learners of English.

Watch out:

1) Which type of the conditional sentences is used?

2) Where is the if-clause (e.g. at the beginning or at the end of the conditional sentence)?

There are three types of the if-clauses.

a.       Conditional Sentence Type 1 - Condition Possible to fullfill

b.      Conditional Sentence Type 2 – Condition in theory Possible to fullfill

c.       Conditional Sentence Type 3 – Condition Not Possible to fullfill (too  late)

A. Conditional Sentence Type 1

It is possible to fulfil a condition which is given in the if-clause.

Form : If Clause (Simple Present) + Main Clause (Will Future or Modal + Infinitive)

-  Examples (if-clause at the beginning)

If i study, i will pass the exam

-  Examples (if-clause in the end)

I will pass the exam, if i study

Example Grammar in Sentences

1) If I study, I will pass the exams.

2) If the sun shines, we will walk to the town

3) If he has a temperature, he will see the doctor.

 4) If my friends come, I will be very happy.

 5) If she earns a lot of money, she will fly to New York.

6) If we travel to London, we will visit the museums.

7) If you wear sandals in the mountains, you will slip on the rocks.

8) If Rita forgets her homework, the teacher will give her a low mark.

9) If they go to the disco, they will listen to loud music.

10) If you wait a minute, I will ask my parents.

B. Conditional Sentence Type 2

It is theoretically possible to fulfil a condition which is given in the if-clause.

Form : If Clause (Simple Past) + Main Clause (Would + Infinitive *)

* We can substitute could or might for would (should, may or must are sometimes possible, too).

e.g :     I would pass the exam

            I could pass the exam

            I might pass the exam

            I may pass the exam

            I should pass the exam

-  Examples (if-clause at the beginning)

If I studied, I would pass the exam.

-  Examples (if-clause in the end)

I would pass the exam, if I studied

Example Grammar in Sentences

1) If I came home earlier, I would prepare dinner.

2) If we lived in Rome, Francesco would visit us.

3) If Tim and Tom were older, they would play in our hockey team.

4) If he was my friend, I would invite him to my birthday party.

5) If Susan studied harder, she would be better at school.

6) If they had enough money, they would buy a new car.

7) If you did a paper round, you would earn a little extra money.

8) If Michael got more pocket money, he would ask Doris out for dinner.

9) If we hurried, we would catch the bus.

10) If it rained, Nina would take an umbrella with her.

C. Conditional Sentence Type 3

It is impossible to fulfil a condition which is given in the if-clause.

Form : If Clause (Past Perfect) + Main Clause (Would + Have + Past Participle  *)

* We can substitute could or might for would (should, may or must are sometimes possible, too).

e.g :     I would pass the exam

            I could pass the exam

            I might pass the exam

            I may pass the exam

            I should pass the exam

-  Examples (if-clause at the beginning)

If I had studied, I would have passed the exam

-  Examples (if-clause in the end)

I would have passed the exam, If I had studied

Example Grammar in Sentences

1) If the weather had been nice, they would have played football.

2) If we had gone to a good restaurant, we would have had a better dinner.

3) If John had learned more words, he would have written a good report.

4) If the boys had taken the bus to school, they would have arrived on time.

5) If the teacher had explained the homework, I would have done it.

6) If they had waited for another 10 minutes, they would have seen the pop star.

7) If the police had come earlier, they would have arrested the burglar.

8) If you had bought fresh green vegetable, your salad would have tasted better.

9) If Alex had asked me, I would have emailed the documents.

10) If he had spoken more slowy, Peggy would have understood him.

Source :

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/if_clauses/type_3_statements.htm

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/if_clauses/type_2_statements.htm

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/if_clauses/type_1_statements.htm

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/if_type1.htm

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/if_type2.htm

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/if_type3.htm

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/if.htm

http://fairusd.blogspot.com/2012/05/contoh-conditional-sentence-type-123.html